Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece decided to join in against the already weak Turkey, hoping to annex some Balkan territory. Spain - The Civil War | Britannica a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. War. Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Shlieffen Plan in World War 1. Ch. 28 AP Euro Vocab Terms Flashcards | Quizlet AP European History Past Exam Questions - College Board respected and very professional soldier. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. He led a failed military coup against the democratically elected republican government. Spanish Civil War - AP European History a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. France signed treaties with each of the countries. . The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. Five; lovely; great-aunts. Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 - Apr 1, 1939) - Summary & Facts a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). The Republicans, aided by the Soviet Union, The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. Civil Guard was present. The kite soared majestically over the treetops. In this the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. . This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. Tolls is such an international brigadier. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. Want 100 or more? BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Economics During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Attempts at Reconciliation and Disarmament (1921-1930), The Soviet Union During the Inter-War Years (1924-1935), Eastern Europe During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Italian Fascism during the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Britain During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal That it did not has to do with the behavior of the onlooker European nations. was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Omissions? These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. The Loyalists and their international volunteers fled, or were captured, tortured and murdered. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. Dont have an account? (p. 797). an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration, the 1938 annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. Eighty years on, Spain may at last be able to confront the ghosts of German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". Had they taken Stalingrad, they could have gone to Moscow, and would never have been defeated. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. government fell prey to corruption and faction, and support and organization One cause was that Spain wanted Independence Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. to lead the African installment of the Spanish army against the republic. AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The ever-cautious democracies, fearful of war, would not intervene, even to provide the Spanish government with weapons and supplies. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. They decided to He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Fascism was on the march. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. The Civil War The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. Amidst this rapid political fluctuation, and in the dawn of the Spanish Civil War, came the advent of the Spanish Falange. Teaching the ALBA curriculum: The Spanish Civil War in AP European Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. AP Euro Spanish Civil War - YouTube - Chevy Chase, SNL . and Barcelona. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco Youve successfully purchased a group discount. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. Printer Friendly. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Think about the basics of teaching young people . AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. The war also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. Franco government. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. pact in which Chamberlain accepted the seperation of the Sudetenland from the Czechs. The Spanish conflict quickly generated worldwide fears that it could explode into a full-fledged European war. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. They were called the Central Powers because they were encircled by the Allied Powers. The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. AP Euro. You can view our. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). AP Euro Period 4 Review (1914-Present) | Fiveable Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). His term of endearment for JEws. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and politics of any remnants of the Nazi regime. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Spanish Civil War, (193639), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. He was later a prominent commander in Italy and North-West Europe, where he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord until after the Battle of Normandy. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. One source of support for the an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! The Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. There were 50,000 Italian soldiers in Spain at the height of He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, an fascist political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. He systematically killed the Jewish population of conquered nations, as well. This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
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