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Fungal pneumonia is caused by inhaling fungal spores that can come from dust, soil, and droppings of rodents, bats, birds or other animals. Surgical incisions and any skin breakdown should be monitored for redness, warmth, drainage, or odor that signals an infection. Desired Outcome: At the end of the span of care, the patient will be able to understand the transmission, disease process, and available treatments for pneumonia. Hospital acquired pneumonia may be due to an infected. a. Fine crackles at the base of the lungs are likely to disappear with deep breathing. Obtain the supplies that will be used. 2. Better Health Channel. The patient will have improved gas exchange. Nasal flaring Abnormal breathing rate, depth, and rhythm Hypoxemia Restlessness Confusion A headache after waking up Elevated blood pressure and heart rate Somnolence and visual disturbances Nursing Assessment for Impaired Gas Exchange symptoms Bacterial infections are indications for antibiotic therapy, but unless symptoms of complications are present, injudicious administration of antibiotics may produce resistant organisms. What testing is indicated? Atelectasis 3. Pinch the soft part of the nose. Which instructions does the nurse provide to the patient to minimize exposure to close contacts and household members? A patient's initial purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test result is positive. Tuberculosis frequently presents with a dry cough. b. Copious nasal discharge The injected inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended for individuals 6 months of age and older and those at increased risk for influenza-related complications, such as people with chronic medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised, residents of long-term care facilities, health care workers, and providers of care to at-risk persons. To detect presence of hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, and/or dehydration. It does not respond to antibiotics; therefore, the management is focused on symptom control and may also include the use of an antiviral drug. c. Terminal structures of the respiratory tract a. treatment with antibiotics. The patient will most likely feel comfortable and easy to breathe when their head is elevated in bed. c. Send labeled specimen containers to the laboratory. Severe pneumonia can be life-threatening for patients who are very young, very old (age 65 and above), and immunocompromised (e.g. a. Finger clubbing 27: Lower Respiratory Problems / CH. Take an initial assessment of the patients respiratory rate and blood oxygen saturation using a pulse oximeter. Thorough hand hygiene before and after patient contact (even if gloves are worn). b. 3. Cough, sore throat, low-grade elevated temperature, myalgia, and purulent nasal drainage at the end of a cold are common symptoms of viral rhinitis and influenza. Samples for ABGs must be iced to keep the gases dissolved in the blood (unless the specimen is to be analyzed in <1 minute) and taken directly to the laboratory. a. Assess the patient for iodine allergy. Position the patient to be comfortable (usually in the half-Fowler position). Most of the problems in connection to the reoccurrence of pneumonia are poor compliance to the prescribed treatment. Administer supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. Select all that apply. It is important to pre-oxygenate the patient before the nurse suctions to avoid respiratory distress. What are possible explanations for this behavior? Remove excessive clothing, blankets and linens. "Only health care workers in contact with high-risk patients should be immunized each year." It is important to let the patient know the pros of taking an accurate dosage and the right timing of medication for fast recovery. Weight changes of 1-1.5 kg/day may occur with fluid excess or deficit. 4. Atelectasis. What Are Some Nursing Diagnosis for COPD? Increased fluid intake decreases viscosity of sputum, making it easier to lift and cough up. a. Otherwise, scroll down to view this completed care plan. Our website services and content are for informational purposes only. The syringe used to obtain the specimen is rinsed with heparin before the specimen is taken and pressure is applied to the arterial puncture site for 5 minutes after obtaining the specimen. The 150 mL of air is dead space in the trachea and bronchi. 7. Assess the patients vital signs at least every 4 hours. Look for and report urine output less than 30 ml/hr or 0.5 ml/kg/hr. Please read our disclaimer. f. Cognitive-perceptual 5) Minimize time in congregate settings. Associated with the presence of tracheobronchial secretions that occur with infection Desired outcomes: The patient demonstrates an effective cough. The medical information on this site is provided as an information resource only and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. e. Sleep-rest Volume of air in lungs after normal exhalation, a. Vt: (3) Volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath What are the characteristics of a fenestrated tracheostomy tube (select all that apply)? c. Comparison of patient's SpO2 values with the normal values Start asking what they know about the disease and further discuss it with the patient. Blood culture and sensitivity: To determine the presence of bacteremia and identify the causative organism. Blood tests elevated white blood cell count may be a sign of an ongoing infection, Sputum culture to determine the causative agent, Imaging chest X-ray to determine active infection and its severity; bronchoscopy to check any blockage of the airways; CT scan for a more detailed lung imaging, Arterial blood gas (ABG) test using an arterial blood sample to measure the oxygen level, Pleural fluid culture taking a pleural fluid sample by inserting a needle between the pleural cavity and the ribs in order to determine the causative agent. The patient reports a sudden onset of shortness of breath, slight chest pain, and that "something is wrong." Fatigue 4. Pulse oximetry would not be affected by fever or anesthesia and is a method of monitoring arterial oxygen saturation in patients who are receiving oxygen therapy. b. a. Vt f. PEFR: (6) Maximum rate of airflow during forced expiration Priority Decision: The nurse receives an evening report on a patient who underwent posterior nasal packing for epistaxis earlier in the day. d. Dyspnea and severe sinus pain Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Gas Exchange related to to altered alveolarcapillary membrane changes due to pneumonia disease process. Allow 90 minutes for. The patient has been diagnosed with an early vocal cord cancer. Steroids: To reduce the inflammation in the lungs. Being aware of the patient's condition, what approach should the nurse use to assess the patient's lungs (select all that apply)? A risk nursing diagnosis describes human responses to health conditions or life processes that may develop in a vulnerable individual, family, or community. Pulmonary function tests are noninvasive. a. Patients who are weak or lack a cough reflex may not be able to do so. c. A negative skin test is followed by a negative chest x-ray. was admitted, examination of his nose revealed clear drainage. Impaired gas exchange is a nursing diagnosis that describes the inability of your body to oxygenate blood adequately. Oxygen is administered when O2 saturation or ABG results show hypoxemia. Pneumonia causing increased pus and mucus in the alveoli will interfere with gas exchange and oxygenation. Attempt to replace the tube. Impaired Gas Exchange Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan Related Factors Physiological damage to the alveoli Circulatory compromise Lack of oxygen supply Insufficient availability of blood (carrier of oxygen) Subjective Data: patient's feelings, perceptions, and concerns. impaired Gas Exchange may be related to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, reduced RBC life span, abnormal RBC structure, increased blood viscosity, predisposition to bacterial pneumonia/pulmonary infarcts, possibly evidenced by dyspnea, use of accessory muscles, cyanosis/signs of hypoxia, tachycardia, changes in mentation, and . d. Keep the inner cannula in place at all times to prevent dislodging the tracheostomy tube. General physical assessment findingsof pneumonia. 3.1 Ineffective airway clearance. Assess the ability and effectiveness of cough.Pneumonia infection causes inflammation and increased sputum production. cancer patients or COPD patients). Cleveland Clinic. 3.7 Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume. How does the nurse assess the patient's chest expansion? Provide tracheostomy care. is now scheduled for a rhinoplasty to reestablish an adequate airway and improve cosmetic appearance. Decreased or random breath sounds (e.g., crackles, wheezes) may indicate possible respiratory failure, which would further exacerbate hypoxia and require immediate intervention. Decreased functional cilia Hyperkalemia is not occurring and will not directly affect oxygenation initially. Promote fluid intake (at least 2.5 L/day in unrestricted patients). c. Percussion If the patients condition worsens or lab values do not improve, they may not be receiving the correct antibiotic for the bacteria causing infection. Educating him/her to use the incentive spirometer will encourage him/her to exercise deep inspiration that will help get more oxygen in the lungs and prevent hypoxia. - Conditions that increase the risk for aspiration include a decreased level of consciousness (e.g., seizure, anesthesia, head injury, stroke, alcohol intake), difficulty swallowing, and insertion of nasogastric (NG) tubes with or without enteral feeding. b. b. Cuff pressure monitoring is not required. Antibiotics: To treat bacterial pneumonia. patients will better understand the health teachings if there is a written or oral guide for him/her to look back to. h. Role-relationship: Loss of roles at work or home, exposure to respiratory toxins at work The nurse can also teach him or her to use the bedside table with a pillow and lean on it. b. Nutritional-metabolic Immunotherapy may be indicated if specific allergens are identified and cannot be avoided. b. This type of pneumonia can spread through droplet transmission, that is, when an infected person sneezes or coughs, and the other person breathes the air droplets through the nasal or oral airways. CH. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. The nurse can also teach coughing and deep breathing exercises. Early small airway closure contributes to decreased PaO2. If there is no improvement with the symptoms, the doctor may prescribe a different type of antibiotic. (2022, January 26). During the day, basket stars curl up their arms and become a compact mass. The nurse should instruct on how to properly use these devices and encourage their use hourly. Implement precautions to prevent infection.Proper handwashing is the best way to prevent and control the spread of infection. - Sputum associated with pneumonia may be green, yellow, or even rust colored (bloody). Is elevated in bacterial pneumonias (greater than 12,000/mm3). CASE STUDY: Rhinoplasty b. Filtration of air Interstitial edema Dyspnea and severe sinus pain as well as tender swollen glands, severe ear pain, or significantly worsening symptoms or changes in sputum characteristics in a patient who has a viral upper respiratory infection (URI) indicate lower respiratory involvement and a possible secondary bacterial infection. Basket stars are active at night. Anna Curran. Immobile patients or those who need assistance should be turned every 2 hours, assisted into an upright position, or transferred into a chair to promote lung expansion. Facilitate coordination within the care team to allow rest periods between care activities. A 92-year-old female patient is being admitted to the emergency department with severe shortness of breath. a. Thoracentesis It may also cause hepatitis. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from, Pneumonia: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Prevention. Learn how your comment data is processed. d. CO2 directly stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla to increase respiratory rate and volume. Bilateral ecchymosis of eyes (raccoon eyes) There is an induration of only 5 mm at the injection site. Bronchoconstriction Since the patient is manifesting impaired gas exchange, one of the good indications that the oxygen absorption inside the body is not improving is through the skin changes, nail bed discoloration, and mucous production. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by a bacteria or virus. 25: Assessment: Respiratory System / CH. If O2 saturation does not increase to an acceptable level (greater than 92%), FiO2 is increased in small increments while simultaneously checking O2 saturation or obtaining ABG values. Discussion Questions Here are 11 nursing diagnoses common to pneumonia nursing care plans (NCP). Remove unnecessary lines as soon as possible. Nuclear scans use radioactive materials for diagnosis, but the amounts are very small and no radiation precautions are indicated for the patient. 1) Increase the intake of foods that are high in vitamin C. Physical examination of the lungs indicates dullness to percussion and decreased breath sounds on auscultation over the involved segment of the lung. She has worked in Medical-Surgical, Telemetry, ICU and the ER. Also, they will effectively help spread the disease process since they know the mode of transmission and how to break the cycle of transmitting it to other family members. Impaired gas exchange is a condition that occurs when there is an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood. The nurse will gather the supplies as soon as the order to do a thoracentesis is given. The bacteria causing hospital-acquired pneumonia may be antibiotic-resistant, rendering this disease more difficult to treat than community-acquired pneumonia. An SpO2 of 88% and a PaO2 of 55 mm Hg indicate inadequate oxygenation and are the criteria for continuous oxygen therapy (see Table 25.10). b. Fungal pneumonia. d. Thoracic cage. What does the nurse teach the patient with intermittent allergic rhinitis is the most effective way to decrease allergic symptoms? - Manifestations of a lung abscess usually occur slowly over a period of weeks to months, especially if anaerobic organisms are the cause. What is a primary nursing responsibility after obtaining a blood specimen for ABGs? The patient must understand the importance of seeing an attending physician and not rely on what they see or hear on the internet. These symptoms are very crucial and the patient must be given immediate care and intervention to avoid hypoxia. Give supplemental oxygen treatment when needed. These interventions help facilitate optimum lung expansion and improve lungs ventilation. Concept Map-AHI - Concept Mapping Nursing diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange pertaining to medical - Studocu concept mapping concept mapping nursing diagnosis: impaired gas exchange pertaining to medical diagnosis of coughing, copd and pneumonia and smoking history. b. SpO2 of 95%; PaO2 of 70 mm Hg Empyema is a collection of pus in the thoracic cavity. (1) Aspiration of gastric acid (the most common route), resulting in toxic damage to the lungs, (2) obstruction (foreign bodies or fluids), and. A 70-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with symptoms that indicate pneumonia. d. treatment with medication only if the pharyngitis does not resolve in 3 to 4 days. A patient develops epistaxis after removal of a nasogastric tube. Chest x-ray examination: To confirm presence of pneumonia (i.e., infiltrate appearing on the film). It may also stimulate coughing. Adjust the room temperature. Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B., Martinez-Kratz, M. R., & Zanotti, M. (2020). b. Finger clubbing Expected outcomes c. CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. Nursing care plan pneumonia - Nursing care plan: Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung - Studocu care plan pneumonia nursing care plan: pneumonia pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma, associated with alveolar edema and congestion that impair Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home The patient will have a big chance to remember how to administer or perform any therapeutic regimen if they are given the chance to demonstrate and have him/her verbalize their understanding about it. Position the patient on the side. Place the patient in a comfortable position. No interventions are necessary for these findings. c. Elimination: Constipation, incontinence A) Admit the patient to the intensive care unit. c. Mucociliary clearance 6. The patient is positioned and instructed not to talk or cough to avoid damage to the lung. Preoperative education, explanation, and demonstration of pulmonary activities used postoperatively to prevent respiratory infections. 3.6 Risk for imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements. a. 1. Aspiration is one of the two leading causes of nosocomial pneumonia. Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to decreased lung expansion secondary to pneumonia as evidenced by a respiratory rate of 22, usage of accessory muscles, and labored breathing. Ensure that the patient verbalizes knowledge of these activities and their reasons and returns demonstrations appropriately. 1. Desired Outcome: At the end of the span of care, the patient will manifest better lung ventilation and improve tissue perfusion, and maximum optimal gas exchange by having normal arterial blood gas results, minimum to no symptoms of respiratory distress, and normal production of mucus in the airway. c. Place the thumbs at the midline of the lower chest. Use the fever-reducing medication to stimulate the hypothalamus and normalize the body temperature. c. Encourage deep breathing and coughing to open the alveoli. b. c. Tracheal deviation a. Nursing care plan for impaired gas exchange.