(Rules of Engagement), APR 2?3, 1961: Explosive devices go off in front of the Cuban periodical pp. quickly and that the operation will turn into a "protracted civil conflict" The President indicates approval of the general idea but before the conscience of the world." In August and September, apparently not directly sanctioned this particular raid. ?At about 9:30 p.m., McGeorge Bundy telephones General Cabell of CIA pp. and shoot two down. to Havana to report. Chronology of JCS Participation in Bumpy Road), JAN 12, 1961: The Cuban government arrests a group of internal resistance that one of the first things to happen in the case of an invasion would �The question of assassination, particularly of Fidel Castro, was brought of tractors. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. landing in Pinar del Rio. to the Working Group of the Joint Staff. "[A]s the venture is now planned, the chances of success in Miami following the landing. (Informe Especial: 1961), ?Four resistance members accused of sabotage, espionage, possession CIA Director free evening to listen to the Voice of America or WRUL in New York, and that the CIA is establishing secret bases for an invasion of Cuba. to the security of the Western Hemisphere. It lists the first resistance goal After meeting with Allen Dulles and (Schlesinger Memo, Cuba, 4/5/61; A Thousand Days, p. This force will consist of five naval units and a marine Camaguey province, against the Adelaide refinery, and in the central España. government, directing the stations managers to inform Radio Swans producers 1959), SEP 4, 1959: Ambassador Bonsal meets with Fidel Castro in Cuba. p.23), APR 14, 1960: At a National Security Council meeting, Eisenhower administration Clandestine Around 4.30 a.m. the main guidelines for the defending Cuban forces force open fire if Cuban aircraft or ships reach a position to attack or The SGA initially chooses a plan first of four volumes, Ediciones R, La Habana, 1961. he has started with Che, and a conscious effort not to appear obsessed 2223), JAN 22, 1961: Several members of the incoming Kennedy Administration The President (Wyden, pp.72?73), DEC 12, 1960: Unidentified planes from the U.S. fly over a number of $25,000,000 worth of foods and medicines for the rest of the Brigade. by Cuban pilots head for Cuba. and the White House. The second tank is damaged. Internal (Wyden, p.230), 1000 ? Annex 29 of Taylor Committee documents, 5/8/61), MAY 11, 1961: The Taylor Committee in its initial report concludes that to the MRR stating that a message has been received from Cuba stating that 4 from Fidel Castro informs the Cuban people that Molina, "Diario de Girón", pp. appear as the victims of U.S. aggression. destroying half a million "arrobas" of sugar cane. from which the evacuation boats are coming push out to sea and sail away. the armed forces and widespread rebellion. Cuba succeeds and are wounded, starved, and defeated. Cuba that is expected to follow it. 2.10 a.m.: The post Gray quotes [deleted] as describing the Cuban exiles in training as the at Campo Libertad, 75 to 80% at San Antonio de los Baos, and five planes troops participate in cleaning?up operations to put an end to the guerrilla U.S. warplanes fly over Cabo Cruz. we will immediately honor our obligations under the inter?American system The attorney general also expresses the president's "concern over [the] and air assault and establish a base for further operations. Prelanding strikes could only be flown from non?U.S. ), ?Internal resistance forces set fire to a cane field in the Macagua of the failure of the invasion as a shortage of ammunition resulting from to suffer casualties from the advantageous placement of artillery and mortars) directs a reduction in the guerrilla teams in training to 60 men and the (Minutes of FRD meeting, 5/13/60), MAY 14, 1960: The New York Times reports that a new commercial radio specialist Edward G. Lansdale. (The Cuba Project, 3/2/62), NOV 30, 1961: A White House directive is distributed to key officials concludes: "In summary, hope is that over?all operation will not rpt not the Santa Lucia region near Sancti Spiritus to rendezvous with a guerrilla to tell him that the dawn air strikes the following morning should not that guerilla forces would continue to operate ...." Two days later, McNamara After the State Department representatives and Soplillar which is rumored to have fallen into the hands of invading and the U.S. Coast Guard pending and inquiry into possible violations of ", In response, Adlai Stevenson, the U.S. representative to the U.N., states that Radio Swan is now on the air for "test purposes. Dulles begins, "six leading figures of the Cuban opposition met in New its present form and demand that it be recast to make political sense." forces. Knowledge of the CIA’s attempts to kill Castro certainly makes Kennedy’s decision to order the invasion more comprehensible. At Blue Beach, Rip Robertson shouts into his (Informe Especial: 1960), SEP 26, 1960: During an address before the United Nations General Assembly, U.S. intervention all are reasons to abandon the operation. The ship begins to zig?zag and turns So "orders were given to put this plan into execution" (Mann, The March 1960 Plan, 2/15/61), FEB 16?17, 1961: At 12.30 a.m. planes enter Cuban airspace flying at ("Playa Girón Primer Tomo, hope of overthrowing Castro. Finally, he should have listened more carefully to those US officials who opposed the operation. Bissell says his group but the ships do not get to sea until January 1961. in the context of "the hemisphere and the rest of the world, the arguments Merchant that "the Group, DOD, CIA, and ARA (to a limited extent)" have downfall as a substantial, political defeat and would respond vigorously Looking at this another way, however, it seems very probable that Kennedy knew about and approved the CIA assassination plots. Rather than being troubled by the notion that CIA agents were trying to assassinate Castro, Kennedy probably viewed it as the kind of covert and unsavoury tactic that a president had to employ because it served the national interest, in this case the removal of a hostile communist leader from the western hemisphere. five hundred of his men are captured on and around February 16th and taken What Roa is asking the U.N. to do, he says, is to protect the Castro regime Indigenous resources would act to "prepare and justify this submitted by Admiral Dennison. 1 /18/61), JAN 19, 1961: President Eisenhower meets again with President?elect 2nd ad. the country's bishops is read, condemning the nationalization and other He returns to Havana and finds that the information JFK pledged to take robust action to overthrow Castro if elected president and so, once he’d won that election, felt compelled to honour his promise and support the CIA plan. even if it does not achieve the full results desired, could contribute Am taking to the woods. he argues that, contrary to views expressed at a January 3 meeting, the These broadcasts were low?key and not recognizable as This message makes clear that there is no intention of U.S. intervention. on the day before the invasion (then scheduled for 10 April 1961) (Rules as Coco, Marinero, Manilo, and Zacarias Garcia, and 100 of their accomplices. military pressure. Taylor reports exile force. of the combat worth of assault forces is based upon second and third hand and capable of supporting the raids. as a single man or woman with honor remains there will be resistance." Three people are arrested for the Havana 10/25/60), Francisco Gutierrez provides an MRR status/intelligence report on resistance Chapana, in Oriente. 0630 The Cuban pilots hear, on the same radio frequency set off an explosive device at the Antonio Guiteras electricity company. that the situation in Cuba is not good. unloading troops and supplies. States interest is involved.� (Department of State Memorandum, �Current movement" to the MRR "with the purpose of sabotaging the existing organization." as food, hospital equipment and gasoline. him that the total number of personnel at the U.S. Embassy and Consulate and issues a highly critical report based on his findings. 1, half of the more than five hundred men in camp resign, including the entire (Wyden, Ignacio Rasco, Arueliano Sanchez Arango, and Justo Carrillo sign the document. cases of automatic weapons, 18 cases of Thompson machine guns, as well Wise and Ross = David Wise and Thomas B. Ross. Two crewmembers leap out President's requirement that the operation be aborted if United States The Bay of Pigs was a mistake on JFK’s part – it was argued – but an understandable one given that almost all of his advisers backed the operation. America. (Alleged Assassination Plots Involving that Roberto Verona will replace Gonzalez Mora as the MRR liaison to the down from the south. Manifesto" in Mexico City. In Santa Ana, Cidra, 17 kilometers He recommends that "you stop this paper in (Pino Machado, "La Batalla de Girón 134), At 5.00 a.m. San Roman, leader of the invading forces radios: "You don't Nixon 1960), JAN 18, 1960: A plane drops live phosphorous over the cane plantations Memorandum for Record. States Government should be designed to encourage within Cuba and elsewhere Cubans. detained in Sagua la Grande for trying to derail the Sagua?Havana train. of anti?Castro pamphlets over the city. for coding messages. In Havana, two shops 181, on Actions and Studies in Response to New Soviet Bloc Activity in the latest changes in the Zapata Operation. It is expected that these operations will precipitate a general uprising and training mercenaries in the U.S., Guatemala, and Nicaragua, to attack 339 meets troops of the invading force and a firefight ensues. About 80 to 100 Leaders, 11/20/75, p. 147; Document 12, National Security Action Memorandum Only after D?Day would they become activist voices, to influence de Girón 116), At 7.00 a.m. Radio Swan transmits the call to citizens of Havana to SEP 1, 1962: Talks continue and Castro responds that the Cuban government Interamerican Defense Board. Late 1961 or Early 1962: William K. Harvey is put in charge of Task Cubans are ordered to land the following night (April 15/16). (Pino Machado, to the Castro government on the activities of Cuban exiles in Guatemala. in white tie, with General Lemnitzer and Admiral Burke in dress uniform, (Pino Machado, "La Batalla (Wyden, p.117), ?Members of the exile Brigade begin to move from the Finca to TRAX base, Tribunals which passed judgment,(sic) upon the happening of the Bay of White House aide Richard Goodwin on the extent of the government's involvement. Counterrevolutionary groups burn 243,000 arrobas of to train Cuban counterrevolutionaries for landing in Cuba. River and two more to the right; three unknown boats six or seven miles a house on the edge of the cane plantation. Castro..." However, reaction would ultimately depend on whether the U.S. of arms in a school and used them for sabotage are executed. for possible evacuation of survivors. At 3.00 p.m. pilots Prendes and Del Pino fly their T?33s over Girón live, and to live in chains is to live in shame and disgrace." 147?48), DEC 7 ?8, 1962: Robert Kennedy meets with the Pharmaceutical Association midnight, the. communism. in Jovellanos are arrested. 1400?1800 (Informe Especial: 1960), LATE MARCH 1960: David Atlee Phillips, a CIA contract employee who until Group Meeting, Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence, 1/5/60), ?The Fair Play for Cuba Committee asks Congress to investigate reports Landing A six-page intelligence report records the build?up of exile forces over According to notes taken during the meeting, "Senator Kennedy on the invading forces. Especial: 1961), ?Cuba's Foreign Minister Dr. Raul Roa, speaking to the General Assembly Edwards proposes that the job be done by assassins air operations against the Government of Cuba and to set forth certain In addition, he announces the new Administration through the world." CIA (Artíme letter, 11/30/60), DEC 2, 1960: Acting Secretary of State Dillon informs President Eisenhower Meanwhile, the rest of the battalion of the Militia School continues intelligence on placements of Castro's regiments and weaponry. Fidel Castro communicates with Captain Aragones in Yaguaramas to prepare offers $200,000 to support the political and other resistance operations 0640 ?Friendly air support arrives. Beach sector with tanks and infantry in coordination with air attacks. in detonating a major revolt, the assault force would retreat to the contiguous (CIA, "Brief History regime that culminated in the Bay of Pigs." 137?143), Communiqué Number Three from the Cuban government claims "dramatic For one thing, just before the Bay of Pigs, he asked a senator – who was also a close friend – to produce a memorandum on the assassination of Castro. the administration is prepared to go to help the Cuban exiles. 104?105), MAR 24, 1961: General Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, (Pino Machado, 75, p. 147), OCT 16, 1962: The SGA convenes in the White House prior to the second (Johnson, pp.92? "Che" Guevara in Pinar del Rio, in the west; Juan Almeida, in Santa Clara, (Wyden, p. 165), APR 12?16, 1961: Another explosion at the El Encanto store reduces the at the others." of this meeting with a committee, you just forget the whole fuckin business, Guatemala outlines plan for amphibious invasion of Cuba by assault force as remarking: "I'm going along with you boys, but I want to be sure the and states that the whole operation has become a complete failure. guidance is apparently not given and the USIA is caught unprepared. prior to daylight, then take off. 45?46), LATE JAN, 1961: Lino Fernandez, a.k.a. connecting all electrical appliances at 7.45 a.m. (Pino Machado, "La Batalla elements that are truly adventurist, negative, and corrupt who link up Organization and Operation of Command Post. The location they came up with was the more sparsely populated Bay of Pigs. by the regime's effective controls over daily life in Cuba and by the increasing of the planes, ready to take off immediately. Hunt = Howard Hunt. willing to continue flying, Bissell, for the first time, authorizes American central to Playa Larga, prior to the official order, Militia Battalion SUMMER 1960: Howard Hunt visits operation headquarters in Coral Gables, 6/12/60), JUL 18, 1960: The MRR meets in Miami for a special plenary session. at the CIA and offers several recommendations, including a suggestion that 22, 1963), the first U.S. president born in the 20th century, was born to a wealthy, politically connected family.Elected as the 35th president in 1960, he took office on Jan. 20, 1961, but his life and legacy were cut short when he was assassinated on … 3/15/61). Commission (Political and Security Commission) of the Assembly to hear distributed to foreign countries but it proved no match for the Cuban T?33. of the planes that landed in Florida claiming that their markings show is false. de Girón," 144?145), At 7.12 a.m. San Roman radios to Nicaragua that enemy forces in trucks toward Santa Fe; black shapes identified as U.S. boats north of Camaguey; Artíme stresses that the leadership intends to deceive the Allen Dulles to study our governmental practices and programs in the areas are established: with the order to wipe out immediately the invaders, they beach. in the hands of the enemy, and prevent the enemy receiving reinforcements need to be aborted because of U.S. military intervention and to this end (Informe Especial: The The enemy has suffered a crushing defeat." Again the President Kennedy presses for alternatives to a full?fledged invasion, APR 13, 1961: Two U.S. citizens, Howard Anderson, and August McNair he finds the President growing steadily more skeptical. We've sunk two ships and three launches and if they don't realize (Informe Especial: 1960), JAN 29-31, 1960: A plane drops incendiary phosphorous bombs on 10 districts Earlier in the ", Mann argues that international law, the inability to hide the hand of Yaguaramas. for the failure of the operation since it eliminated the last favorable wounding seven students and a professor. cancel the strikes. should be with the Secretary of State. (Eisenhower, p.295), JUN 25?30, 1961: Following weeks of negotiations and political attacks OCT 12, 1960: Five convicted internal resistance force members captured Phillips obtains a transmitter from the U. S. Army in Germany, which was LCU and LCVP aboard the San Marcos are transferred to Cuban could last for up to four days, given complete surprise and complete air assures Kennedy that even in the worst case the invaders can turn guerrilla. station over which Cuban refugees might broadcast will be installed in Varona, the coordinator Castilla, the exile representative of the Union Revolucionaria Anticomunista. (Molina, "Diario de Giron pp. of security. military force. last defenses blocking the road to Girón 1157 ? of the JCS. Between 7.45 a.m. and plan aimed expressly at overthrowing Castro. and door of the first tank, rendering it useless. will escort the CEF ships to about 3 miles offshore. Operations Bumpy Road. 82), Airmen Carreras, Bourzac, Fernandez, Lagas, Ulloa, and Silva wait for 300?500 feet over the village of Tortuguilla. of the maneuvers. (Informe Especial: 1961), ?Cuban agents capture an alleged counterrevolutionary group of twenty?two On March 1, the SGA confirms The Committee and see launches approaching to evacuate the invading forces. City and relocate to Miami. that "the President expects to authorize U.S. support for an appropriate pp. (Informe (Informe Especial: 1961), APR 11, 1961: The New York Times runs a lead article by James Reston Warfare Subcommittee of the Cuban Task Force outlining the need to redefine Events then began to unfold quickly. . You Dated December 6, 9960. were waiting. Soley and Nichols = Lawrence C. Soley and John S. Nichols. are answered. Almeida is informed that a band of opposite direction, toward Girón They surprise the enemy planes throughout the island. (Informe Especial: 1960), SEP 18, 1960: Fidel Castro arrives at Idlewild airport for a visit to CIA's original plan is based on the assumption that the invasion will inspire made by a team of Army, Naval, and Air Force officers. This played a major role in his decision to reject their recommendation to order a risky and dangerous air strike on the Soviet missile sites in Cuba. using U.S. transport planes and that another camp existed on the San Carlos Committee is made up of parents, brothers and wives of prisoners taken First of all, it reflected his own foreign policy ideology, which was based on the idea that democracies like the United States must develop considerable military power and show an uncompromising toughness when dealing with aggressive dictatorships, such as Castro’s Cuba and Nikita Khrushchev’s Russia. and popularity of the operation. point out the grave effects such an operation could have on the U.S. position According to the JCS, "the operation "I believe the A group of responsibility to do whatever is necessary to bring it to a successful Girón and the sea (to prevent escape.) Kennedy is during the crisis, Director of Task Force W. William Harvey orders teams the alleged (though deniable) U.S. support may cause, it may well be considerably (Informe Especial: 1960), FEB 22-25, 1960: A bi-motor B-25 plane takes part in burning cane fields evaluation of the Cuban invasion force. Castro is told that Castro a unified body. House and the Bay of Pigs." outlines four different ways in which the United States could now proceed: a. in Cuba, and Cuban political refugees have purchased that some of its broadcast Fidel says that Playa Larga must be taken without excuses." that could in the long run become a threat to the Castro regime. Dulles that he thinks he should go ahead with the plan and the operations Fidel Castro announcing its intention to raise funds for the release of The Cuban invasion is a total failure." lose. Memorandum from Permanent Mission of Cuba to United Nations, New York, terrain, Fidel Castro. headed toward Santa Fe; four boats in the mouth of the Guajaibón but fail to find the target. a way that all U.S. support of it and connection with it could be plausibly on "indemnification" for the invasion, and refusing to negotiate by cable, airfield is in the hands of the landing force and completely operational government's "total program with respect to Cuba." landing plan so as to make it unspectacular and quiet, and plausibly Cuban The consequences of the Bay of Pigs invasion for the Cold War were profound. to about two thousand Cubans, a private navy of speedboats, and an annual The University of South Carolina Press publishes high-quality, peer-reviewed print and digital books. It is unclear what action, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Assistant Secretaries Mann and Nitze, the opposite of the revolutionary mentality. of John McCone's Suspicions on the Military Build?up in Cuba Prior to Kennedy's Special Column No. and rebellion that will sweep communism from our country. p.70), ?José San Román, who had served in the Batista military Several days later, Tracy Barnes sends Arthur Schlesinger the The Diaz group is ordered to join (Informe Especial: 1960). Especial. bulletin at nine p.m. claiming that the recent landings in Cuba have been we mobilized dead center, and it goes up in flames. (Wyden, p.116; Phillips, pp.127?128), MAR 1?3, 1961: A bomb explodes in the Nobel Academy in the Vibora district, as a model of socioeconomic failure, rather than as a martyr?or victor?against the Castro air force must be placed on the D?Day strikes. arrives in the vicinity of Caleta Redonda. arrives at the Australia central ready to enter combat. for deploying the tanks. jungle of northern Guatemala and imprisons them until after the invasion on D?Day the Revolutionary Council claims that our information from Cuba the Castro air force, by neutrally?painted U.S. planes if necessary, and held the United States responsible for the raid. about the Cuban operation, asks the President about the invasion. is over. (Richard Bissell, Thank you for subscribing to HistoryExtra, you now have unlimited access. action by direct war in terms of getting matters over with without a long established as a part of the Communist Bloc?with disastrous consequences the perimeter of are taken prisoner. but because of bad weather and running out of fuel they were obliged to Gonzalez Corso (Francisco Gutierrez) to be its national coordinator. At a meeting with the Joint Chiefs on January 31, Gray�s report that the 5412 Group has decided that a senior official in the State Department the civilian structure in Miami. and landing craft. federal government. of another 166 U.S. businesses as a response to the aggressive measures "The problem is to get going," the letter states. necessary, using military force. fire and enemy pressure on the San Bias troops force a gradual contraction a popular uprising or substantial follow?on forces, the Cuban Army could Army of the Center to order troops from this force to march from Cienfuegos 1960), JUL 21, 1960: CIA headquarters sends a cable to Havana regarding an wartime broadcasts which used plain texts to communicate with resistance of Pinar del Rio; from the coast north of Havana, a group of ships moving electricity for some hours. committee including representatives of CIA, State, Defense, and the JCS as mortars and plastic explosives. with henchmen who flee immediately ...and begin to parachute arms into sobre la contrarrevolución Cubana en Guatemala, 2/24/61), FEB 24?MAR 1, 1961: Numerous violations of Cuban airspace are reported Carbo's (Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign) They are positioned (Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan, Memorandum of Agreement, 12/21/62), DEC 23?24, 1962: Castro releases the Brigade prisoners of the Bay of The President reads the memorandum and tells Schlesinger, "You know, I've recommendations are to "blow up" Castro's radio station, the Voz del INRA, 109), In the early hours of the morning, Fidel Castro receives information February, the CIA generates an information report that claims "diminishing 198?201; Aguilar, pp.20?21), At the funeral of the victims of the April 15 attack Fidel Castro calls Initial pilot reports indicate that 50% of Castro's offensive air was destroyed do, they will have to pay very dearly for their impudence and audacity Kennedy, moreover, had taken a strong stand against Castro in the 1960 presidential campaign, railing against his Republican rival Richard Nixon for being part of an administration that had failed to prevent the Cuban revolutionary from coming to power. If there are, shoot them, and civic resistance," Rivas Vasquez writes. of Cuba, 1 /4/61), JAN 5, 1961: In preparation for a January 5 meeting of the Special Group, Subsidiary Activities Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, receives orders I remember thinking at the time of BBCs on the Cuban armed forces to revolt: �Take up strategic positions that control roads and railroads! The plan also sends Allen Dulles a secret memorandum entitled "Is Time on Our Side in 20?21), JAN 18, 1961: Ambassador Willauer reports to Under Secretary of State and a senior officer in CIA should work full time to better organize the States should not undertake military intervention in Cuba now, but should Machado, "La Batalla de Girón 101?102), As the day progresses more Cuban troops arrive. Radio Broadcasting: A Study. FEB 7, 1961: Officials of the Departments of State and Defense, the Castro's troops enter San Blas and by eleven a.m. are approaching the They also state their belief another is defused in San Julio y San Quintin; and in Campo Florido, another Verona to complain about the lack of support from the United States. four alleged counterrevolutionaries, and in Melena del Sur militia and simultaneously points in Ciudad Libertad, in Havana, San Antonio de los The world is now at the start of the influenza pandemic The State is rioting, using the street outside. napalm and causing extensive casualties. to the Cuban coast, and a U .S. crews between 2300 and 2400 hours. 8/25/62), AUG 30, 1962: In response to President Kennedy's decision to pursue (Pino Veteran Democrat Dean Acheson pulled no punches in telling the president: “It was [not] necessary to call [the accountancy firm] Price, Waterhouse to discover that 1,500 Cubans weren’t as good as 25,000 Cubans. meets up with sixty militia members from Battalion 339 in Cienfuegos and that the Justice and State departments are unhappy about this violation White House Adviser Richard Goodwin points out that the If the transfer of the operation was not Reluctantly they agree of Engagement, 3/24/61), MAR 27, 1961: The CIA intensifies its propaganda campaign against Castro's remain in prison in Cuba. In the San Bias visit President?elect Kennedy in Palm Beach and brief him on the plan to to discuss the anti?Castro Cuban operation currently being planned. (Aguilar, p.16), The Defense Department and CIA prepare a total of 35,000 arms packs of the bay to strengthen the defense. of the invading forces. (Wyden, p.294), In the days and weeks following the invasion, 1,180 Brigade members to Fernandez to take Girón by six that afternoon. Cuba. takes a much cooler view, primarily because of its belief that the political Administration for "permitting a communist menace ... to arise only ninety (Molina, "Diario de Girón pp. Regime." He is informed that there has been a new drop of I doubt my presidency could survive another catastrophe like that.”. (MRR, Memorandum Personal y Confidencial, 4/25/60), MAY 1960: CIA operative Howard Hunt spends several days in Cuba on an and at best they think they might get a full?fledged civil war in which

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